Two of the major challenges in computing has been memory size and speed of operation which is generally in Terabytes and TeraHertz these days. But this memory size and speed requires huge investment. Some of the firms in the world that doesn't have such huge funds came up with an idea of Distributed computing.
A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network.A distributed system have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem. Alternatively, each computer may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users.
We can find a lots of online distributed computing operation going on where we can share our PCs also.
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Open Source Software Development is another example of collective action in technology which gives the associated programmers not only immediate rewards in the form of monetary compensation ( in some cases) but also the delayed incentives in the form of future job offers, shares in commercial open source-based companies or future access to venture capital, and the "ego gratification incentive," focused on a desire for peer recognition.Also, The benefits of this collective action are reaped by all the open source software users.
Various cybersecurity exercises carried out by multiple organizations which privately holds and maintains the internet infrastructure which is a public resource is also an example of collective action. Many such exercises are partly or fully sponsored by governments around the world, mainly by the US.
The costs, in this case are born by the business houses who are dependent on the infrastructure for their operation and the government, which obviously has to worry about the national security.
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